Traveling to tropical countries in Southeast Asia, walking through narrow streets. Surrounded by paradise-like scenery, warm air, and unspoiled trees. You can't imagine how beautiful that is. We can also surf the pleasant waves, or just sunbathe while looking at the remote island that is far away. Fine grains of white sand and clean. The beautiful coastline is illuminated by soft sunlight. These are some of the sensations you might get while vacationing on tropical beaches in Southeast Asia.
Some beaches are still not much visited by tourists, you can imagine how natural it is. Tropical rain forests surround the beautiful beach or several beaches that are already well managed. Resort with wood and bamboo that offers pleasure. A comfortable resort with a swimming pool to swim along the beautiful beach. That experience that you can get when traveling there, and maybe you can not get from other places.
Southeast Asia is well known by many tourists for its beauty, friendly and welcoming people. Exotic and appetizing food. The various spices that are mixed in special food, will be a memory that we will get after visiting these places.
If you need inspiration or recommendations on some of the most beautiful beaches in Southeast Asia, consider the following beaches. These Instagram-able places might make you want to visit them immediately.
A Koh Pha Ngan, Thailand
The name Ko Pha-Ngan comes from the word "Ngan", which means 'Sandbar' in southern Thailand because there are many offshore Sandbanks.
Ko Pha-Ngan is an island in Southeast Thailand in Surat Thani Province. Ko Pha-Ngan is best known for the full moon party at Hat Rin beach. Ko Pha-Ngan has two twin islands: Ko Samui the largest in the South and Minni Ko Tao in the North.
Ko Pha-Ngan is a long-term favorite of Thailand's last king. Rama V, or Chulalongkorn, for example, visited Ko Pha-Ngan 14 times during his reign. [Quote needed]
The Bronscentury of Dongson culture (500-100 BC) found on Ko Samui in 1977 is proof that there were settlements in Ko Samui, Ko Pha-Ngan, and Ireland they were more than 2000 years ago. Some historians believe that the first group moved to Ko Pha-Ngan were gypsies from the Muslim sea (Pygmy, Semung, and Proto-Malay) who traveled by boat from the Malagasy Peninsula. At present, there is only a small Muslim population.
During the last century, the island's population has continued to grow, exceeding for the first time sea and land conditions and breeding. Then, TIN became part of the mining economy. The 1970s mining industry reacted and eventually ran out. In the following decade, a pure Turm project. Now the island is mainly a tourist destination. Coconut fisheries and aquaculture remain important for the municipality
Because of the topography, the population is aware of its beaches. Interior Fjalir is generally inaccessible. More than half the island is designated as a National Park and Ko Pha-Ngan has more than 80 square km (31 sq m) of the relatively pure rainforest with different vegetation and wildlife. It is also considered a spiritual place, with many Buddhist temples around the island and the Spa industry, sandstone retreats and meditations.
In 2018, the island is capable of 458,000 visitors per year. They and islanders create around 7,300 tons of solid waste annually. The removal of untreated wastewater and pink corals is also a problem.
El Nido, Philippines
Located in Bacuit Bay, El Nido, which covers an area of 465.1 square kilometers at the northernmost tip of the Palawan mainland, is controlled by the Linapacan Strait in the North, the Sulu Sea in the East and the South China Sea in the West. It consists of 45 islands and ice, each of which has a unique geological change. The highest peak is located on Cadlao Island, which is abundant up to 640 meters above sea level.
Along the Sulu, Sabah Islands and the South China Sea, El Nido, which is part of Palawan, is located on an active probe plate that is technically active and seismic, a plate that is completely separated from the Philippine mobile belt and the rest is owned by the Philippines. The Permian on the Paleogene rocks and the El Nido limestone cliffs are similar to those found at Ha Long Bay in Vietnam, Guilin in China, and Krabi in Thailand, all of which are part of the Sundanese album.
El Nido is run by a Mayor and a reserve organization, elected for three years. The Mayor is the CEO and leads the Municipal Department in implementing city ordinances and improving public services. The Vice President appealed to the Legislative Council of eight recruiters, or better known as members of Sangguniang Bayan. Local government in the form of municipal policies in the form of sacred activities and resolutions.
1984, the Ministry of natural resources issued administrative order No. 518, established a 360-square-mile (140 square-mile) Maritime area in El Nido as a sea turtle sanctuary. In 1991, the entire Bacuit Bay, including islands and islets, was ordered by the Philippine government as a marine reserve. A year later, under the 1992 Order of the environmental and natural resource administration, the area was expanded even further. In 1998, its status was raised to a protected area, and also followed the El Nido supernatural ecosystem and parts of Taytay.
El Nido's climate is distinguished by two seasons: generally dry, from December to May, and wet, from June to November. April and May are usually moon drops, but the heaviest rainfall occurs around August. Northeast wind block from December to March, sometimes swaps with Northwinds from December to February. Southwestern winds are felt from June to October, but East winds, the lightest of all winds, are spot-smashed during April and May.
Kawthoung, Myanmar (Burma)
Kawthaung is a city in the Tanintharyi region, located in the southwestern part of Myanmar. At British rule in Burma between 1824 and 1948, it was known as Victoria Point.
Most of Kawthaung's population consists of Bamar, Thai and other ethnic groups such as Snipe, Karen, and Mon. Some Thai Muslims, together with the Gypsies and Menses marine salons are also located in Kawthaung. Burmese Chinese and Burmese Indians, who moved to Kawthaung during the colonial period for TIN extraction and other industries also attacked Kawthaung. Peranakan or Chinese Strait, called Pashu by the Burmese, was also found in Kawthaung.
The most spoken languages are Burmese, followed by Thai and South Thai, as well as Shan, Moken, Karen, Mon, Malay and Kedah Chinese and Indian languages. Most Bamar, Thai, Shan, Karen, Mon, Burmese Chinese and parts of the Salon follow Theravada Buddhism. Malaysians and Thai Muslims practice Islam.
The main agricultural raw materials are rubber, betel nut, cashews, coconut, and oil palm. The mining and timber industry that developed in the past has been abolished. Although Kawthaung has a large port, the fishing industry is not as large as in the past due to government restrictions on fishing vessels. Fishing still plays an important role, but the engine is limited to 28 HP. Tourism is set to play a greater role in the country's economy in the future, as the Myanmar government is gradually lifting travel and immigration restrictions in the region. Since September 2013, tourists entering the country via Kawthaung continue their journey across the country and across other borders. The 8-megawatt coal-fired power plant was completed in 2012 amid local concerns about pollution.
Kelingking Beach, Indonesia
You can enjoy one of the views of the hills and a small piece of white sand from the hill of the same name. The way to experience the pinkie beach. This restaurant is located in a quiet location on the mountain with a pretty incredible view. Sea currents are very strong on the pinky coast. The Nusa Penida Bali pinky beach is up there with one of the most amazing views and Luve beach. The interior of Nusa Penida is hills with a maximum height of 524 meters. Kelingking beach is a hidden beach in the village of Bula Blossom on the south coast of Nusa Penida Island. Nusa Penida Island Beach Tour.
Langkawi, Malaysia
Langkawi, officially known as Langkawi, the jewel of Kedah (Malay: Langkawi gem of Kedah), is a district and island of 99 islands (small island No. 5 only seen at a low level) in the Andaman Sea, about 30 km from the main coast of Malaysia Northwest. The islands are part of the state of Kedah, which is located next to the Thai border. On July 15, 2008, Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah agreed to change the name to Langkawi Kedah jewel in connection with the Golden Jubilee celebration. So far the enlarged islands are aka Langkawi Island (Langkawi Island), with a population of around 64,792; The only other island near Tuba Island.
Langkawi is also an administrative district, with Kota Kuah as the largest city. Pantai Cenang is the most popular beach and tourist area on Langkawi, with tens of thousands of visitors each year.
Langkawi, a group of 99 islands separated from mainland Malaysia by the Straits of Malacca, is a district in the state of Kedah in northern Malaysia and is located about 51 km west of Kedah. The total mass of oceanic land is 47,848 hectares. The main island stretches about 25 km from North to South and a little more to East and West. The coastal area consists of flat limestone plains that can be visited. Two-thirds of the island is dominated by mountains covered by forests, hills and natural vegetation.
Mersing, Malaysia
Mui Ne, Vietnam
Phu Quoc, Vietnam
Bukit Merese, Indonesia
Railay Beach, Thailand
A beach is a form of land next to a body of water consisting of loose particles. Particles that form a beach are usually made of stone, such as sand, gravel, gravel, gravel. Particles can also come from biologics, such as clamshells or coral algae.
Some beaches have artificial infrastructures, such as lifeguards, changing rooms, bathrooms, huts, and bars. They can also have hospitality establishments (such as resorts, camps, hotels, and restaurants) nearby. Wild beaches, also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches, are not developed in this way. Wild beaches can be appreciated for their pristine beauty and preserved nature. Beaches are usually found in areas along the coast where wave currents or deposits act and abstracted sediment.
There are some striking beach sections that refer to the processes that shape and shape it. Most of it is above water (dependent on waves), and more or less actively affected by waves at several tidal points, called berm beaches. The berm is a repository of material that includes an active coastline. The berm has crested (top) and face, the last is a slope that goes down towards the water from the ridge. At the bottom of the face, there may be watering holes, and more towards the sea one or more long Bar on land: slightly raised, underwater embankments form where waves start to break.
Sand deposits can extend well inland from the summit of berms, where there may be evidence of one or older ridges (coastal storms) resulting from very large storm surges and beyond the influence of normal waves. At some point the effect of waves (even storm waves) on the material covering the beach stops, and if the particles are small enough (the size of sand or smaller), the wind forms a feature. Where wind is the power that distributes inland grain, deposits behind the coast become Duna.
This geomorphic feature makes what is called a beach profile. The beach profile changes seasonally due to changes in wave energy experienced during summer and winter. In temperate regions where summer is characterized by calmer seas and longer periods between rolling hills, the beach profile is higher in summer. Soft wave action during this season tends to bring sediment to the coast towards the berm where it settles and remains while the water moves away. Land winds carry it further inland and increase sand dunes.
Conversely, the beach profile is lower in the hurricane season (winter in the temperate zone) due to increased wave energy and shorter periods between breaking crests. Higher energy waves that break down rapid succession tend to mobilize sediments from water, allow them to be suspended where they are prone to be transported along the coast by oceanic currents, or made at sea to form Promenade Bars, especially if the Promenade is currently experiencing outflow from rivers or bursts flood. Removal of sediment from berm and Duna beaches thus reduces the beach profile.
In the tropics, hurricane seasons tend during the summer, with calmer weather often associated with winter.
If storms occur with very high tides, or with waves such as tidal waves or tsunamis that cause significant coastal flooding, significant amounts of material can be eroded from the coastal plain or sand dunes behind the Pier, moving away from the water. This flow can change the shape of the beach, widen the mouth of the river, and create a new Delta in the mouth of the river that is not strong enough to overcome movement along with the sediment.
The line between the beach and Duna is difficult to define in the field. In a significant period of time, sediments are always exchanged between them. Drift lines (high points of material deposited by waves) are a potential demarcation. This will be the point where significant sand wind movements can occur because normal waves do not wet the sand outside this area. However, the Drift line is likely to move inland under a storm surge.
The development of the beach as a popular recreational resort since the mid-19th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourism industry. The first seaside resort opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, which began frequent seas as well as a fashionable spa town, for recreation and health. One of the first seaside resorts of its kind was Scarborough in Yorkshire during the 1780s; it is a trendy spa town because of the flow of acid water running from one of the city's southern cliffs in the 17th century. The first shower machine was introduced in 1735.
The opening of the resort in Brighton and the reception of royal protection from King George IV, extends the sea as a health and pleasure resort to the largest market in London, and the beach is a center for upscale pleasure and scarcity. This tendency has been praised and artistically elevated by the new romantic ideal of beautiful scenery; Jane Austen Sanditon's unfinished novel is an example. Then, Queen Victoria's long-term protection from the Isle of Wight and Ramsgate in Kent ensured that a seaside resort was considered a fashionable asset for those rich enough to buy more than one house.
A seaside resort for the working class
The expansion of this form of leisure for the working class and middle class began with the development of the railroad in 1840, which offered low fares for the rapidly developing tourist city. In particular, the completion of the branching line to the small seaside town of Blackpool from Poulton has led to a sustainable economic and demographic boom. The influx of visitors arrives with entrepreneur-led trains to build housing and create new attractions, leading to more visitors and a rapid growth cycle during the 1850s and 1860s.
Growth has been intensified by the practice among owners of the Lancashire cotton mill to close the plant for a week each year for machine maintenance and repairs. This became known as a wake-up week. Factories in each city are closed for a different week, allowing Blackpool to handle a steady and reliable flow of visitors for a long period of time in the summer. The salient features of this resort are the walk and pleasure dock, where various eclectic shows are not happy with people's attention. In 1863, Blackpool's North Pier was completed, quickly becoming a center of attraction for elite visitors. Central Pier was completed in 1868, with a theater and large outdoor dance floor.
Many famous seaside resorts are equipped with bathing machines because even all-covered period beach clothes are considered impolite. By the end of the century, the British Coast had more than 100 major tourist resorts, some with populations of more than 50,000.
The development of seaside resorts abroad has been distilled by a love of English that develops well on the beach. The French Riviera next to the Mediterranean had become a popular destination for the upper classes of England in the late 18th century. In 1864 the first train to Nice was completed, making the Riviera accessible to visitors from all of Europe. In 1874, the population of the foreign enclave in Nice, which was mostly British, was 25,000. This beach became famous for attracting European royalty, including Queen Victoria and King Edward VII.
The European continent's attitude towards gambling and nudity tends to be laxer than in Britain, so British and French entrepreneurs are quick to take advantage of the possibilities. In 1863, Charles III, Prince of Monaco, and Francois Blanc, a French businessman, organized for steamers and carriages to bring visitors from Nice to Monaco, where large luxury hotels, gardens, and casinos were built. This place has been renamed, Monte Carlo.
Commercial bathing in the sea spread to the United States and parts of the British Empire in the late 19th century. In the late 1890s, Henry Flagler developed the Florida East Coast Railway, which connects coastal resorts with St. Augustine, FL, and Miami Beach, FL, to winter tourists from the northern United States and Canada on the East Coast on the East Coast Railroad. In the early 20th century surfing was developed in Hawaii and Australia; spread to Southern California in the early 1960s. In the 1970s cheap and affordable air travel led to the growth of a truly global tourism market that benefited from regions such as the Mediterranean, Australia, South Africa and the Sun Belt coastal regions in the United States.
Beaches can be popular on hot, sunny days. In the Victorian era, many popular seaside resorts were equipped with bathing machines because even all-covered swimsuits from that period were considered impolite. This social standard still applies in many Muslim countries. At the other end of the spectrum are beach free and bare beaches where clothing is optional or not allowed. In most countries, social norms are significantly different on the beach in the heat, compared to adjacent areas where the same behavior may not be tolerated and can also be prosecuted.
In more than thirty countries in Europe, South Africa, New Island, Canada, Costa Rica, South America, and the Caribbean, the best recreational beaches receive a blue flag status, based on criteria such as water quality and safety. Subsequent losses from this status can have a serious impact on tourist income.
Beaches are often waste and land waste, which requires the use of beach cleaners and other cleaning projects. More significantly, many beaches are waste zones for untreated wastewater in most underdeveloped countries; even in developed countries, coastal closure is an occasional situation due to overflowing from sanitary sewers. In this case sea discharge, waterborne diseases from pathogenic impurities and contamination from several marine species often occur.
Some artificial beaches; permanent or temporary (for example see Munich, Paris, Copenhagen, Rotterdam, Nottingham, Toronto, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tianjin).
The relaxing quality of the beach and the pleasant environment offered to Bather are replicated in artificial beaches, such as "beach style" swimming pools with zero entry and a wave pool which creates natural waves pounding on the Beach. In a zero-depth entry pool, the lower surface gradually depends on the water above for depth. Another approach involves what is called an urban beach, a form of a public park that is becoming common in big cities. Urban beaches try to mimic natural beaches with fountains that mimic the sounds of cities surfing and masking, and in some cases can be used as a Playground.
Eating on the beach involves pumping sand to the beach to improve their health. Coastal nutrition is common to major seaside cities throughout the world, but the beach that has been fed may still appear quite natural and often many visitors are unaware of the work being done to support the health of the beach. The beach is often not recognized by consumers as artificial. A famous example of beach food comes with a supply of Waik'kàk beaches in Honolulu, Hawaii, where Manhattan Beach, California sand is transported by ships and barges for most of the 20th century in order to combat erosion problems from Waikiki. The Surfrider Foundation discusses the benefits of artificial reefs with members who are divided between their desire to support the natural coastal environment and the opportunity to improve the quality of waves. Similar debates surround beach eating and snow cannons in sensitive environments.
Restricted access
Public access to beaches is limited in some parts of the world. For example, most beaches on the coast of Jersey are limited to people who can buy beach tags. Some beaches also limit dogs to certain periods of the year.
In addition, private beaches such as those along the bank may belong to the nearest environmental association. A sign is usually posted at the entrance. Permission or special event-of-use event can be given at the time of implementing the appropriate channel to legally obtain one.
The first public beach in the United States opened on July 12, 1896, in the city of Revere, Massachusetts, with more than 45,000 people attending the opening day. The beach is managed by the Bay of the Metropolitan Parks Commission and the new beach has a band stage, public baths, pavilion shade, and lined with wide roads that run along the coast.
Public access to the coast is protected by law in the state of Oregon, thanks to state law 1967, the Oregon Beach Bill, which guarantees public access from the Columbia River to the California state line, "so that the community can be used free of charge and without interruption.
The beach is the result of wave action by which waves or currents move sand or other loose sediments that the beach is made as these particles are held in suspension. Or, sand can be moved by welding (the movement of bouncing large particles). Beach material comes from offshore rock erosion, as well as promontivian erosion and the collapse of Scree deposits. Offshore coral reefs are a significant source of sand particles. Some fish species that eat algae that are attached to outcrops and rocks can create large amounts of sand particles during their lives as they gnaw during food, digest organic material and remove organic matter from rock and coral particles passing through their digestive tract.
The composition of the coast depends on the nature and amount of sediment upstream from the coast, and the speed of flow and turbidity of water and wind. Sediments are driven by moving water and wind based on particle size and compaction conditions. Particles tend to settle and compact in sturdy water. Once compacted, they are more resistant to erosion. Established vegetation (especially species with complex root system) will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow in the surface layer. When affected by moving water or wind, particles that are eroded and held in suspension will increase the erosive power of the liquid that holds them by increasing the average density, viscosity, and volume of the moving fluid.
Beaches face very energetic winds and the wave system will tend to contain only large rocks, as smaller particles will continue to be suspended in murky water columns and transported to quieter areas with tidal currents and long streams. Beaches that are protected by waves and wind will tend to allow finer sediments such as clay and mud to fall by creating muddy plains and mangrove forests. The shape of the beach depends on whether the waves are constructive or destructive, and whether the material is sand or gravel. Waves are constructive if the period between the backs of their waves is long enough to break the water to recede and sediment to settle before the next wave arrives and breaks.
Fine sediments are transported from under the beach profile to compacts if receding water permeates or dives into the beach. Compacted sediments are more resistant to movement with turbulent water than sequential waves. Conversely, waves are destructive if the periods between the mountains are short waves. Sediments that remain suspended when the next wave arrives at the ridge, will not be able to settle and compact and will be more susceptible to erosion by coastal currents and tides. The nature of sediments found on the beach tends to show wave and wind energy in the resort.
Construction waves move material to the beach while destructive waves move material along the coast. During the season when destructive waves are prevalent, it is possible to bring an increase in sediment load and organic matter in suspension. On sandy beaches, turbulent backwash destructive waves remove material to form a slightly sloping beach. On gravel and gravel beaches, these plots disappear faster because large particle sizes allow for greater percolation, thereby reducing the strength of the backwash, and the beach remains steep. Fine compacted sediments will form a smooth beach surface that is resistant to wind and water erosion.
During the calm warm season, the crust can form on the surface of the seashore because the sun's heat evaporates the water leaving the salt to crystallize around the sand particles. This crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals or dissolved by forwarding waves. Cusps and horns are formed where incoming waves divide, sand deposits like horns and explore sand to form cusps. This forms an irregular face on several sandy beaches. White sandy beaches look white because quartz or limestone eroded in the sand reflects or spreads sunlight without absorbing other colors.
Natural erosion and accretion
The beach has changed in shape mainly by the movement of water and wind. Any weather events related to cloudy or fast-flowing water or strong winds will erode the open beach. Coastal currents will tend to increase sediment and repair damage caused by storms. Tidal lanes generally change the shape of a beach close to a small degree to each tidal cycle. Over time these changes can become substantial leading to significant changes in beach size and location.
Changing the shape of the beach can damage the roots of large trees and other flora. Many adapted beach species (such as coconut trees) have fine root systems and large roots that tend to withstand waves and winds and tend to stabilize the beach better than other trees with smaller root balls.
Coastal erosion can expose soil and rock to be less resistant to wind and wave action, which leads to damaging the coastal peninsula, causing a catastrophic collapse of a large number of overloads on the ground. This material can be distributed along the beachfront which leads to changes in habitat as seaweed and coral in the shem allows it to be buried or chained light and nutrition.
The seaside flora plays an important role in stabilizing the foreuns and preventing erosion of the head of the coast and the inner movement of the dune. If Flora with a system of root tissue (creepers, grass, and palms) are able to build themselves, they provide effective beach defenses while trapping sand and rainwater particles and enriching the surface layer of the dune, allowing other species of vegetables to become proven. They also protect berms from erosion from strong winds, strange waves and subsidize floodwaters.
For a long time, stable coastal areas will tend to increase, while non-permanent coastlines will tend to erode, causing major changes in the shape of the coast. This change usually occurs over a period of years. Strange wave events such as tsunamis, tidal waves, and storm surges can substantially change the shape, profile and location of the beach in a matter of hours.
Destruction of flora on Quayside by the use of herbicides, excessive pedestrians or vehicle traffic or disruption of freshwater flow can cause erosion from Bebe and sand dunes. While the destruction of flora can be a gradual process unseen for ordinary beach users, it often becomes immediately visible after storms associated with strong winds and strange wave events that can quickly move large volumes of open and unstable sand, depositing them further inland , or bring them into permanent water by forming an offshore Bar, Lagoon or increasing the open beach area at low tide. Large and rapid movements of open sand can bury and Flora suffocates in adjacent areas, exacerbating the loss of wildlife habitat and widening areas of instability. If there is an adequate supply of sand, and weather conditions do not allow vegetation to recover and stabilize sediments, wind-blown sand can go forward, swallow and permanently change the landscape of Leeward.
Wave-driven sediments or treat them as floodwater can be stored in shallow coastal waters, swallowing reeds and changing the character of underwater flora and fauna in shallow coastal areas.
Burning or clearing of vegetation on land adjacent to the head of the beach, for agriculture and housing development, changing surface wind patterns and exposing the surface of the coast to wind erosion.
Agriculture and housing development are also often associated with changes in local surface water flow. If these streams are concentrated in the empty Stormwater channel at the head of the beach, they can erode the beach creating a Laguna or Delta.
Solid vegetation tends to absorb rainfall by reducing the rate of decay and releasing it for long periods of time. Destruction by burning or clearing natural vegetation tends to increase the speed and erosive power of the Limas rainfall. These outflows will tend to carry more silt and organic material from the land to the beach and to the sea. If the flow is constant, outflows from cleansed land that reach the beachhead will tend to deposit this material in the sand changing its color, smell, and fauna.
Make a beach access point
Concentrations of pedestrians and vehicle traffic entering the beach for recreational purposes can cause greater erosion in the access point if measures are not taken to stabilize the beach surface above the high watermark. Recognition of the danger of losing coastal flora has caused many local governments to be responsible for managing coastal areas to restrict access points to the beach from physical facilities or legal penalties, and foredunes fencing in trying to protect Flora. This step is often associated with the structure of the building at this access point to allow traffic to pass through or through the dune without causing further damage.
The beach provides filters for limdi from the coastal plain. If runoff naturally spreads along the coast, Silt-laden water and organic matter will be maintained on land and feed the flora in the coastal area. Lemonade that spreads along the beach tends to seep across the beach and can emerge from the beach at low tide.
Freshwater retention can also help maintain groundwater supplies and will withstand saltwater attacks. If Limon surface runoff is diverted and concentrated by waterways that create a constant current on the beach above sea level or river, the beach will erode and eventually form inserts unless deposit sediments flow at the sea's edge to correct violations.
Once eroded, the entrance can allow the entry of saltwater to pollute inland areas from the coast and can also affect the quality of groundwater supply and swamp height.
Some flora that occurs naturally at the head of the beach requires limdari of freshwater from the ground. Irregularities in the freshwater runoff in sewers can eliminate these plants from their water reserves and allow sea attacks, increasing groundwater salinity. Species that cannot survive in saltwater can die and be replaced by mangroves or other species adapted to the saline environment.
Food from the coast is imported and deposited sand or other sediments in an effort to restore the beach that has been damaged by erosion. Beach food often involves extracting sediment from river beds or sand quarries. These perforated sediments can be substantially different in size and appearance for natural beach sand.
In extreme cases, food from the beach can involve the placement of large pebbles or stones in an effort to permanently restore the beach subject to constant erosion and loss of terrafronte. This is often necessary when the flow of new sediments caused by ground currents has been disrupted by the construction of ports, breakwaters, lifting roads or boat ramps, creating new rivers that explore the sand from behind and uprooting regenerating sediments. If the cause of erosion is not treated, beach nutrition can become a necessary and permanent feature of beach maintenance.
During beach eating, you must be careful to place new sediments so that new sediments separate and stabilize before aggressive action from waves or wind can erode them. Material that focuses too low on the beach can form a temporary groin that will encourage the search behind it. Sediments that are too fine or too light may erode before being compacted or integrated into established vegetation. Sediments not washed abroad can introduce flora or fauna that are not normally found there.
Brighton Beach, on the South Coast of England, is a gravel beach that has been fed enormous pebbles in an effort to resist the erosion of the upper shore. This large gravel has made the beach unfriendly for pedestrians for a period of time until the natural process has integrated natural gravel into the gravel base.
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeast Asia is a sub-region in Asia, which consists of countries geographically located in southern China and Japan, East India, western Papua New Guinea, and Northern Australia. Southeast Asia is bordered by East Asia in the North, South Asia and the Bay of Bengal in the West, Oceania and the Pacific Ocean in the East, and Australia and the Indian Ocean in the South. This region is the only part of Asia that is partly located in the southern hemisphere, although most are in the northern hemisphere. In contemporary definition,
This region is located near the junction of the geological plate, with seismic and volcanic activity. The probe plate is the main plate in the region, with almost all countries in Southeast Asia except Myanmar, North Thailand, Northern Laos, North Vietnam and North Luzon from the Philippines. The mountains in Myanmar, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia are part of the Alpes belt, while the Islands in the Philippines are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. The two seismic belts met in Indonesia, causing the region to have a relatively high event of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Southeast Asia covers about 4,500,000 km2 (1,700,000 mi2), or 10.5% of Asia, or 3% of the total land area. Its population is more than 641,000,000, about 8.5% of the world's population. This is the third most populous geographical region in the world after South and East Asia. This area is culturally and ethnically diverse, with hundreds of languages spoken by various ethnic groups. Ten countries in the region are members of ASEAN, a regional organization formed for economic, political, military, education and cultural integration among its members.
This region, along with parts of South Asia, was known by Europeans as the East Indies or only in the Indies until the 20th century. Chinese sources refer to this region as (Nanyang), which literally means "Antarctic Ocean". cultural influences from the two neighboring regions. But in the 20th century, the term became more limited to the former territory of French Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam). The Maritime Section in Southeast Asia is also known as the Malay Islands, a term derived from the European concept of Malaysian race. Another term for Maritime Southeast Asia is Insulindia (Indian Archipelago), which is used to describe the region between Indochina and Australasia.
The term "Southeast Asia" was first used in 1839 by American Pastor Howard Malcolm in his book Travels to Southeast Asia. Malcolm only covers parts of the mainland and excludes the Maritime section in its definition in Southeast Asia. The term was officially used in the middle of World War II by the allies, through the formation of the Southeast Asia Command (SEAC) in 1943. SeAC has popularized the use of the term "Southeast Asia", although that is based on Southeast Asia has not been resolved; For example, SEAC has excluded the Philippines and much of Indonesia, including Ceylon. However, by the end of the 1970s, more or less the use of the standard terms 'Southeast Asia' and the region that covered it had emerged. Although culturally or linguistically the definition of "Southeast Asia" can vary, the most common definitions today include the regions represented by the state (sovereign and dependent region) listed below.
Ten of the eleven Southeast Asian countries are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), while East Timor is an observer country. Papua New Guinea has stated that they can join ASEAN, and are currently observers. There are sovereignty issues in several areas of the South China Sea.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India are geographically considered part of the South-East Asia Maritime. East Bangladesh and Northeast India have strong cultural ties with Southeast Asia and are sometimes considered to be in South and Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka has on some occasions been considered part of Southeast Asia because of cultural ties to mainland Southeast Asia. Other New Guinea islands, which are not part of Indonesia, namely Papua New Guinea, sometimes including Palau, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, all of which are part of the Spanish East Indies with strong cultural ties and the Mariana Islands region, in particular, the Philippines.
The eastern part of Indonesia and Timor Leste (east of the Wallace line) are considered to be the biogeographic region of Oceania (Wallacea) because of their unique wildlife characteristics. The islands of Papua and surrounding islands are geologically considered part of the Australian continent, connected via the Sahul platform.
This region was already inhabited by Homo erectus from 1,000,000 years ago during the middle Pleistocene. Homo sapiens reached an area about 45,000 years ago, after moving east from the Indian subcontinent. Art such as the 40,000-year-old sea (which is currently the oldest in the world) is found in Borneo caves. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area until 12,000 years ago, when they went extinct. It has been proposed that Austronesian people, who make up the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC, and as they spread across the archipelago, they often settled along the coast and restricted indigenous peoples such as indigenous people from Peninsular Malaysia, Negritos from the Philippines or Papuans from New Guinea to the interior. Archaeologists refer to this person as Deute-Malays, who are more advanced in agricultural techniques and metal knowledge than their traditional counterpart, proto-Malay.
Studies presented by HUGO (human genome organization) through genetic studies from various nations in Asia, empirically show that there was a migratory event from Africa, where the first person to travel along the South Coast of Asia, was the first time entering the Malay Peninsula of 50,000 to 90,000 years ago. Indigenous people, especially Semangs who exhibit Negrito characteristics, are direct descendants of these early Southeast Asian settlers. This first-person diversified and traveled slowly north to China, and the population in Southeast Asia showed greater genetic diversity than the younger Chinese population. However, genetic studies of modern Malays show that there is a complex history of mixing human populations in Southeast Asia, with Malaysians showing four main ancestral components: Austronesian, proto-Malay, Asian East Asian and South Asian.
Solheim and others have shown evidence for the Nusantara (Nusantara) Maritime trade network that stretched from Vietnam to the entire Archipelago as early as 5000 BC to 1 A.D. The bronze era of Dong Son culture flourished in northern Vietnam from around 1000 BC to around 1 BC. Its influence spread to other parts of Southeast Asia. This region entered the era of the iron age in 500 BC when iron was also forged in northern Vietnam still under the Dong Son, due to frequent interactions with Chinese neighbors.
Southeast Asian communities, especially those from the Austronesian origin, have been sailors for thousands of years, some reaching the island of Madagascar, has been the ancestor of modern Malagasy society. The passage through the Indian Ocean helped to colonize Madagascar, as well as trade between West Asia, the East Coast of India and the southern coast of China. Sumatran gold is estimated to have reached the far west as far as Rome. Old Pliny wrote in his natural history of Chryse and Argyre, two legendary islands rich in gold and silver, located in the Indian Ocean. Their ship, as won, was able to sail across the sea. The Magellan voyage shows how to maneuver more of their ships than European ships. It is believed that a slave from the Sulu Sea was used in Magellan's voyage as a translator.
Most people in Southeast Asia were originally animist, involved in ancestors, nature, and worship of the Spirit. This belief system was later replaced by Hinduism and Buddhism after the region, especially the coastal regions, came into contact with the Indian subcontinent during the 1st century. Indian brahmins and traders brought Hinduism to the area and made contact with local courts. Local rulers moved to Hinduism or Buddhism and adopted Indian religious traditions to strengthen their legitimacy, enhance ritual status above their main partners and facilitate trade with South Asian countries. They periodically invited Indian Brahmins to their kingdom and began a gradual process of Indianization in the region. Shaivism was the dominant religious tradition of many southern Hindu kingdoms during the 1st century. Then spread to Southeast Asia through the Bay of Bengal, Indochina, then the Malay Islands, which leads to thousands of Shiva temples on the Indonesian Island, and also in Cambodia and Vietnam, co-developing with Buddhism in the region. Theravada Buddhism entered the region in the 3rd century, via the Maritime trade route between the region and Sri Lanka. Buddhism then established a strong presence in the Funan region in the 5th century. In mainland Southeast Asia today, Theravada is still the dominant Buddhist branch, practiced by Thai, Burmese, and Cambodian Buddhists. This branch is combined with Khmer culture which is influenced by Hinduism. Mahayana Buddhism establishes a presence in Maritime Southeast Asia, brought by Chinese monks during their transit in the region on their way to Nalanda. This is still the dominant branch of Buddhism practiced by Indonesian and Malaysian Buddhists.
The spread of these two religions in India restricted Southeast Asian indigenous believers to remote rural areas. The Maluku Islands and New Guinea were never Indianized and were animist-dominated natives until the 15th century when Islam began to spread to the area. While in Vietnam, Buddhism was never able to develop a strong institutional network because of strong Chinese influence. In Southeast Asia today, Vietnam is the only country where popular religion is a plurality. Recently, Vietnamese folk religion is under the Renaissance with government support. Elsewhere, there are ethnic groups in Southeast Asia who reject conversion and still maintain the beliefs of their original animists, such as Dayaks in Kalimantan, Igorot in Luzon, and Shan in East Myanmar.
Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically. The Indonesian archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological elevations in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, which peak at Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia, at 5,030 meters, on the island of New Guinea; this is the only place where ice glaciers are found in Southeast Asia. The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma which shares the same range as its parent peak, Mount Everest.
The South China Sea is the main body of water in Southeast Asia. The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Singapore all have rivers that flow into the South China Sea.
The Mayon volcano, despite its active danger, holds the record for the most perfect cone in the world, built by past and continuous eruptions.
Southeast Asia borders mainland Australia, the border that crosses Indonesia. But the point of contact culture lies between Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian regions of Papua and West Papua, which share islands in Papua New Guinea.
The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical and humid throughout the year with abundant rainfall. North Vietnam and the Himalayas Myanmar is the only region in Southeast Asia that has a subtropical climate, which has winter with snow. Most of Southeast Asia has wet and dry seasons caused by seasonal shifts in wind or monsoon. Tropical rain belts cause additional rainfall during the rainy season. Rainforest is the second largest in the world (with Amazon it is the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is mountainous terrain in the north, where high altitudes cause lighter temperatures and safer landscapes. Other parts fall from this climate because they are as quiet as.
Southeast Asia is one of the regions most vulnerable to climate change in the world. Climate change will have a major impact on agriculture in Southeast Asia, such as irrigation systems, will be affected by changes in rainfall and decay and, consequently, water quality and supply. Climate change also tends to pose a serious threat to the fishing industry in Southeast Asia.
Environment
Much of Southeast Asia falls into warm and humid weather, and the climate can generally be characterized as a monsoon. Animals in Southeast Asia are different; They can also be found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, orangutans, Asian elephants, Malaysian tapirs, Sumatran rhinos and nebesian leopards. There are six binturong or bearcat subspecies in this region, although the endemic species of Palawan Island are now classified as vulnerable.
Tigers from three different subspecies are found on the island of Sumatra (Sumatran tiger), in Peninsular Malaysia (Malaysian tiger), and in Indochina (Indochina tiger); All endangered species.
Komodo is the largest living lizard species and inhabits the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores and Gili Motang in Indonesia.
He eagle Philippines is the Philippines national bird. This is considered by scientists to be the largest eagle in the world, and endemic to Philippine forests.
Wild Asian buffalo, and on various islands related to the Bubalus dwarf species such as anodyne, were once widespread in Southeast Asia; Today Asian National Buffaloes are common throughout the region, but the remaining relatives are rare and endangered.
Rat deer, small tugato deer the size of toy dogs or cats, can mostly be found in Sumatra, Borneo (Indonesia) and in Palawan Islands (Philippines). Gaur, a giant wild cow larger than wild water buffalo, is mainly found in Indochina. There is very little scientific information available about Southeast Asian amphibians.
Birds such as peas and srigunting live in sub-regions as far away as Indonesia. Babirusa, a four-legged pig, is also found in Indonesia. The hornbill was valued for its beak and was used in trade with China. Rhino horns, not part of the skull, have also been valued in China.
The Indonesian archipelago is divided by the Wallace line. This path stretches along what is now known as plate tectonic boundaries, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java / Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development and population growth accelerates in Southeast Asia, concerns have increased regarding the impact of human activities on the environment in the region. However, much of Southeast Asia has not changed much and remains a home for unaffected wildlife. Several countries in the region, with a few exceptions, recognize the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but also to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of National Parks and preserves for this purpose. Nonetheless, species such as the extinction of the Javan rhino, with only a handful of animals left in West Java.
The shallow waters of coral reefs in Southeast Asia have the highest level of biodiversity for marine ecosystems in the world, where corals, fish, and shellfish abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys show that the diversity of marine life in Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on earth. This diversity is far greater than other sample regions in the coral triangle consisting of Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The coral triangle is the heart of biodiversity in the world of coral reefs, Green Passage is dubbed by international conservation as the "Center for Marine Biodiversity of Central Coastal Fishes". Whale sharks, the largest fish species in the world and 6 types of sea turtles are also found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean region of the Philippines.
Trees and other plants in the region are tropical; in some countries where the mountains are quite high, you can find temperate vegetation. This rainforest area is currently being registered, mainly in Kalimantan.
While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia faces severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutans and Sumatran tigers. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of animal and plant species in Southeast Asia can be eliminated in the 21st century. At the same time, fog is a regular event. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 where several countries were covered with thick fog, mostly caused by "slash and burn" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several Southeast Asian countries signed an ASEAN agreement on half-hearted cross-border pollution to combat haze pollution.
The economy
Even before the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was an important part of the world trade system. Various kinds of raw materials come from this region, but very important are herbs such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade was originally developed by Indian and Arab traders, but also brought Europe to the region. Early Spanish (Manila Galleon) who sailed from America and Portugal, then Holland, and finally Britain and France were involved in this effort in various countries. Penetration of European commercial interests has gradually developed into the annexation of territories, as traders have lobbied for the extension of controls to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved to Indonesia, Britain to Malaysia and parts of Kalimantan, France to Indochina, Spain and the United States to the Philippines. The economic impact of imperialism is a shift in the production of raw materials. For example, rubber plantations from Malaysia, Java, Vietnam and Cambodia, extraction from the Malaysian weathering country, rice fields from the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and the Irrawaddy River Delta in Burma, are in response to strong market needs.
The Chinese foreign community has played an important role in the economic development of the region. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced back to the 16th century when Chinese migrants from South China settled in Indonesia, Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. The Chinese population in this region experienced a rapid increase after the 1949 Communist revolution, which forced many refugees to move outside China.
The region's economy is largely dependent on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Production and services are becoming increasingly important. A developing market, Indonesia is the largest economy in the region. New industrial countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei have well-developed economies. All of Southeast Asia still relies heavily on agriculture, but Vietnam is making steady progress in developing its industrial sector. In particular, the region produces textiles, high-tech electronic products such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as cars. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are abundant.
Seventeen telecommunications companies have signed contracts to build Gateway Asian-American Gateway submarines to connect Southeast Asia to the United States. This is to avoid the disruption of this type recently caused by cutting undersea cables from Taiwan to the United States in the Hengchun earthquake of 2006.
Tourism has become a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, tourism, if understood correctly, can be a great tool of development and an effective way of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet. where tourism income is low, they try to expand their tourism industry. "in 1995, Singapore was a Regional leader in tourism revenue relative to GDP at more than 8%. By 1998, this income had dropped to less than 6% of GDP, while Thailand and Laos increased revenues to more than 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has outperformed all other ASEAN countries and produced nearly 15% of GDP from tourism in 2006. In addition, Vietnam is considered a growing force in Southeast Asia due to large foreign investment opportunities and a booming tourism sector, despite their trade embargo being lifted in 1995.
Indonesia is the only major member of the G-20 economy and is the largest economy in the region. Indonesia's estimated gross domestic product for 2016 is USD 932,400,000,000 (nominal) or USD 3,031,300,000,000 (PPP) with GDP per capita of USD 3,604 (nominal) or USD 11,717 (PPP). The Southeast Asian stock market performed better than other stock exchanges in the Asia-Pacific region in 2010, with PSE in the Philippines leading the way with growth of 22 percent, followed by SET Thailand with 21 percent and JKSE Indonesia with 19 percent. Southeast Asia's GDP per capita is 3,853 dollars, according to the 2015 UN report, comparable to Guatemala and Tonga.
Demographics
Southeast Asia has an area of around 4,500,000 square kilometers. In 2016, around 642,000,000 people lived in this region, more than a fifth life (143,000,000) on the island of Java, Indonesia, the largest, most populous island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 261,000,000 people, and also the fourth most populous country in the world. The distribution of religion and society varies in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Around 30,000,000 overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, prominently on Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, as well as Hoa in Vietnam. People of Southeast Asian descent are known as Southeast Asia or Aseanites.
Ethnic groups
Aslians and Negritos are considered one of the first inhabitants of the region. They are genetically related to Papuans from Eastern Indonesia, East Timor, and Aboriginal Australia. In modern times, Java is the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100,000,000 people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. The second-largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia is Vietnamese (Kinh) with around 86,000,000 inhabitants, mainly living in Vietnam, thus forming a significant minority in neighboring Cambodia and Laos. Thais are also a significant ethnic group with around 59,000,000 inhabitants who form the majority in Thailand. In Burma, Burma has more than two-thirds of ethnic shares in the country.
Indonesia is clearly dominated by Javanese and Sundanish ethnic groups, with hundreds of ethnic minorities inhabited by the archipelago, including Madurese, Minangkabau, Bugis, Balinese, Dayak, Batak and Malay. While Malaysia is divided between more than half Malaysia and a quarter of China, and also the Indian minority in West Malaysia, Dayaks from the majority in Sarawak and Kadazan-Dusun constitute the majority in Sabah in East Malaysia. Malaysians are the majority in Western Malaysia and Brunei, while they form a significant minority in Indonesia, Southern Thailand, Eastern Malaysia, and Singapore. In the Singapore city-state, China is the majority, but the city is a multicultural melting pot with Malaysia, India, and Eurasian also called their home island.
Citm forms a significant minority in central and southern Vietnam, also in central Cambodia. While the Khmer are the majority in Cambodia, they form a significant minority in Southern Vietnam and Thailand. The Hmong are a minority in Vietnam, China, and Laos.
Within the Philippines, Tagalog, Visayan (especially Cebuanos, Warays, and Hiligaynons), Ilocano, Bicolano, Moro (especially Tausug, Maranao and Maguindanao) and the center of Luzon (especially Kapampangan and Pangasinan) are significant. The Philippines is also unique in Southeast Asia, holding the only community established in Latin that was founded in Southeast Asia because of its previous political union with Mexico during the Vicereaty era of the new Spanish and also has the Creole language on a Mexican-Spanish basis called Chavacano. There is also a growing population of American expatriates in the Philippines.
The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: in mainland Southeast Asia, culture is a mixture of Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian and Thai (Indian) and Vietnamese (Chinese) cultures. While in Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore and Malaysia culture is a mixture of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western and Chinese cultures. Brunei also shows a strong influence in parts of Arabia. Vietnam and Singapore show more Chinese influence as Singapore, although geographically Southeast Asia, is home to a large majority of Chinese and Vietnam has been in the sphere of Chinese influence for most of its history. Indian influence in Singapore has been proven only through Tamil immigrants, who have influenced, to some extent, Singapore cuisine. Throughout Vietnamese history, it has no direct influence from India - only through contact with Thailand, the Khmer, and the Cham people. In addition, Vietnam is also classified under the scope of East Asian culture along with China, Korea, and Japan because a large amount of Chinese influence is incorporated into their culture and lifestyle.
Rice cultivation has existed in Southeast Asia for thousands of years, starting in all sub-regions. This dramatic example of rice fields fills the Banaue Rice Terrace in the Luzon mountains in the Philippines. Maintenance of these fields is very tiring. This rice field is suitable for the rainy season climate in this region.
Stilt houses are found throughout Southeast Asia, from Thailand and Vietnam to Borneo, to Luzon in the Philippines, to Papua New Guinea. This area has several mental processes, especially in Indonesia. This includes weapons, such as distinctive krisses, and musical instruments, such as gamelan.
Southeast Asian art has similarities with other regional arts. Dances in much of Southeast Asia include hand and foot movements, to express the emotions and meaning of dance stories that dancers will tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dances into their palaces; In particular, the Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Kingdom, which was strongly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and foot movements, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.
Puppeteers and shadow shows are also a favorite form of entertainment in the last century, one of which is the famous puppet from Indonesia. Art and literature in some of Southeast Asia are quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite its conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has maintained various forms of practice, culture, art and literature that are influenced by Hinduism. Examples are shadow puppets and literature such as the Ramayana. The shadow puppet show was recognized by UNESCO on 7 November 2003 as a masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of humanity.
This shows that Khmer and classical Indonesian art are concerned with representing the lives of the gods, but for Southeast Asian minds, the lives of the gods are the lives of the people themselves: joyful, unpretentious, but divine. The AI, arriving late in Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but soon threw them in favor of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indication of their previous contact with Chinese art was in their Temple style, especially the pointed roofs, and in their varnish.
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